Phags-pa Script : Baijiaxing Mengguwen


Introduction

The Chinese Version

The "Hundred Surnames" (Bǎijiāxìng 百家姓) is an elementary text that simply comprises a list of the most common Chinese surnames written out in quadrisyllabic rhyming couplets (see the bottom of this page for a transcription of the standard Chinese text). This work was composed by an anonymous Song dynasty author, and in fact lists some 503 surnames, although the exact figure often varies from one edition to another. The text is divided into two sections :



The Phags-pa Version

A version of this text with Phags-pa spellings for each surname was produced during the Yuan dynasty, probably as an aid to Chinese officials who were required to learn the new script. This is the only surviving example of a Chinese literary text (albeit a very simple one) written in the Phags-pa script.

The Phags-pa version of the "Hundred Surnames" is entitled Bǎijiāxìng Měnggǔwén 百家姓蒙古文 [bay gya sing mung gu wun] "The Hundred Surnames in the Mongolian Script".

Between the various exant editions of the Phags-pa version of the "Hundred Surnames", 407 single-character surnames and 20 double-character surnames, in total 427 surnames, are given. These include all of the surnames in the single-character surnames section of the Chinese text, but only about a third of the double-character surnames in the original Chinese text.

Another difference between the Chinese and Phags-pa versions is that three of the more unusual single-character surnames in the original Chinese text have been replaced by graphically similar ideographs which, although incorrect, are more commonly encountered :



Editions of the Phags-pa Text

The Phags-pa version of the "Hundred Surnames" was probably first published as an individual pamphlet, but now only survives in the Yuan dynasty popular encyclopaedia, Shìlín Guǎngjì 事林廣記, originally compiled by Chen Yuanjing 陳元靚 during the Northern Song. There are several extant editions of Shilin Guangji, all of which are revised and expanded versions of the original text published during the Yuan dynasty or later :


The main differences and similarities between these four editions with respect to the text of the Phags-pa "Hundred Surnames" are summarised in Table 1 below :


Table 1 : Differences and Similarities between Editions of Shilin Guangji
Feature 1330-1333 Edition 1340 Edition 1418 Edition 1699 Edition
PrefacePreface same as 1340 EditionPreface same as 1330-1333 EditionNo PrefacePreface unique to this edition
Titlebay gya sing mung gu wunbay gya sing mung gu wunpay gee sing mung gu wunbay gya sing
Phags-pa spelling of 覆姓 fù xìng "double-character surnames"fu seeungfu seeungfu swungfu sing
Number of single-character surnames391391392412
Number of double-character surnames20202015
Order of double-character surnames409-410, 412, 411, 418, 434, 415, 432, 416, 438, 435, 437, 429, 428, 436, 425, 413-414, 419, 433409-410, 412, 411, 418, 434, 415, 432, 416, 438, 435, 437, 429, 428, 436, 425, 413-414, 419, 433409-410, 412, 411, 413-416, 435, 437, 438, 428, 436, 429, 419, 425, 418, 434, 433, 432409-410, 412, 411, 413-414, 419, 433, 436, 428, 429, 434, 415, 418, 432
No.366 越 yuèMissingMissingPresentPresent
Nos.97-112MissingMissingMissingPresent
Nos.113-136Between No.96 and No.97Between No.96 and No.97Between No.96 and No.97Between No.96 and No.97
Nos.321-328Between No.336 and No.337Between No.336 and No.337Between No.336 and No.337Between No.320 and No.329
"勿商歸遲" at end of single-character surnames ?NoNoNoYes

The 1330-1333 edition and the 1340 edition are almost exactly identical, other than a very few instances where one or other of the two editions has a corrupt form of a Phags-pa letter which is correctly formed in the other edition.

The 1418 edition is very close to the 1330-1333 and 1340 editions, for example missing surnames Nos.97-112, and mislocating surnames Nos.321-328. It even shares many of the same corrupt Phags-pa letters that are found in the two Yuan dynasty editions (e.g. in the title the word sing for 姓 xìng "surname" is written with the letter I ligated unnaturally to the letter SA in the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions; Surname No.14 沈 shěn should be spelled shim, but in the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions the letter SHA is identically malformed). However, it does include one surname (No.366) which is missing in both the 1330-1333 edition and the 1340 edition, but which is also present in the 1699 edition, from which we can deduce that the 1418 edition cannot have been derived from the 1330-1333 edition or the 1340 edition.

The 1699 edition is markedly different from the other three editions in several important respects :


This last point is of particular interest. The 1699 edtion generally concurs with the readings given in the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions, but there are quite a few examples of surnames where the Phags-pa spellings in the 1699 edition diverges from the spellings given in the other three editions, not due to textual corruption, but either due to the correct ideograph being misread as a graphically similar but incorrect ideograph, or the Phags-pa spelling representing an alternate reading of the ideograph. These examples are all listed in Table 2 below :


Table 2 : Divergent Readings in the 1699 Edition
Number1330-1333/1340/1418 Editions1699 EditionNotes
28xwa = 華 (huá)hwa = 華 (huā)huá and huā are alternate readings for 華 (huá is the correct one as a surname)
244paw = 暴 (bào)pu = 暴 (pù)bào and pù are alternate readings for 暴 (bào is the correct one as a surname)
292tay = 翟 (zhái)ti = 翟 (dí)zhái and dí are alternate readings for 翟 (both are valid readings as a surname)
365-eeu = 蔚 (yù)-ue = 蔚 (wèi)yù and wèi are alternate readings for 尉 (wèi is the correct one as a single-character surname)
377ling = 冷 (líng)l.hing = 冷 (lěng)líng and lěng are alternate readings for 冷 (lěng is the correct one as a surname)
409mu ki = 万俟 (mòqí)wan ngh* = 万俟 (wànqí)mò and wàn are alternate readings for 万 (mò is the correct one as part of a double-character surname)
419-eeu ci = 尉遲 (yùchí)-ue ci = 尉遲 (wèichí)yù and wèi are alternate readings for 尉 (yù is the correct one as part of a double-character surname)
386muw = 母 (mǔ)wu = 毋 (wú)1330-1333/1340/1418 eds. misread 毋 (wú) as 母 (mǔ)
38shue = 水 (shuǐ)bing = 氷 (bīng)1699 ed. misreads 水 (shuǐ) as 氷 (bīng)
67c.him = 岑 (cén )kim = 芩 (qín)1699 ed. misreads 岑 (cén ) as 芩 (qín)
131lam = 藍 (lán)gyam = 監 (jiàn)1699 ed. misreads 藍 (lán) as 監 (jiàn)
231fu = 宓 (fú)pi = 苾 (bì)1699 ed. misreads 宓 (fú) as 苾 (bì)
302dzay = 宰 (zǎi)j.hi = 滓 (zǐ)1699 ed. misreads 宰 (zǎi) as 滓 (zǐ)
388me = 乜 (niè)ye = 也 (yě)1699 ed. misreads 乜 (niè) as 也 (yě)

From these examples it would seem that some intelligent (as opposed to mechanical) textual corruption has taken place during the course of the textual transmission of the Phags-pa version of the Hundred Surnames. It is quite probable that the divergent readings in the 1699 edition are due to a later editor of Shilin Guangji trying to repair unclear or illegible Phags-pa spellings by copying Phags-pa spellings for Chinese ideographs from a Phags-pa dictionary such as the Yuan dynasty rhyming dictionary Menggu Ziyun 蒙古字韻. This work lists ideographs under multiple Phags-pa spellings where an ideograph has multiple readings, and so if the editor was not greatly familiar with the Phags-pa script he might easily select the first Phags-pa spelling for a given ideograph that he finds in the dictionary, not realising that it is a spelling for an invalid reading of the ideograph as a surname.

Despite these differences between the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions on the one hand and the 1699 edition on the other, all four editions do share some features that suggest a common ancestry. For example, all editions, including the 1699 edition, mislocate surnames 113-136 of the traditional Chinese text between surnames 96 and 97. Possibly this reflects the misplacement of a single folio in ancestral edition of the text (perhaps the original printed edition of the text that the first Shilin Guangji version was based upon). If this were the case, then each half-folio of the ancestral edition would only have listed twelve surnames, which is quite possible if the Phags-pa words and Chinese ideographs were written very large, as is often the case with elementary texts.



Facsimiles

Facsimiles of the start of the text of the "Hundred Surnames" in the various editions of Shilin Guangji are given below.

A facsimile of the entire text of the "Hundred Surnames" given in the 1340 edition is also available :



1330-1333 Edition

Source : Basibazi Baijiaxing jiaokan 八思巴字百家姓校勘 page 267.



1340 Edition

Source : Basibazi yu Yuandai Hanyu 八思巴字與元代漢語 pages 59-60.



1418 Edition

Source : Le Po Kia Sing en Écriture Phags-Pa page 49.



1699 Edition

Source : Hekeben Leishu Jicheng 和刻本類書集成 Vol.1 page 272.



Prefaces

1330-133 and 1340 Edition

This is the preface to the Phags-pa text of the "Hundred Surnames" that is given in both the 1330-1333 and 1340 editions. It may possibly be derived from the preface that went with the original standalone edition of the Phags-pa Hundred Surnames.


蒙古之書,前乎斈者之所未觀。近風化自北而南,新斈尚之。盖自科斗之書廢,而篆隸之制作,其躰皆古也。其後眞草之書雜行于世。今王化近古風俗遠淳。蒙古之斈設為專門,初斈能復熟此篇,亦可以爲入仕之捷徑云。


Mongolian writing is something that had never been seen by scholars before [this dynasty]. Recently the customs and ways of the North have come to the South, and new scholarship thinks highly of it [the new Mongolian writing]. It is the case that after the [archaic] Tadpole style of [Chinese writing] was abandoned, the Seal Script and Official Script forms of writing were devised, which both preserved the ancient forms of ideographs. Only later did the [modern] book-hand and cursive forms of writings gradually come into use. Now the teachings of the king have an affinity towards the customs and habits of ancient times, and tend away from the pure and uncomplicated. The study of Mongolian [writing] has been established as a special subject, and if you can become proficient in this text at an early stage you will find it to be a shortcut to a career as an official.



1418 Edition

This edition does not preserve a preface to the Hundred Surnames text.



1699 Edition

This is the preface to the Phags-pa text of the "Hundred Surnames" that is given in the 1699 edition. It is completely different to the preface found in the 1330-1333 and 1340 editions, and its reference to the placing of the "Hundred Surnames" immediately after the section on the Seal Script (within the fourth volume of Shilin Guangji, devoted to book-learning and calligraphy) indicates that it was written by the compiler or editor of Shilin Guangji rather than having been inherited from the original Phags-pa Hundred Surnames text as may have been the case with the preface preserved in the 1330-1333 and 1340 editions.


古篆之外,世有所見。今得蒙古所篆(撰?)《百家姓》,字母見一格,皆世所未見者。謹刻次于古篆揮毫斈,此向乎筆走龍蛇矣。


In addition to the ancient Seal Script, there are other [scripts] in the world. Now I have obtained this version of the "Hundred Surnames" written in the Mongolian script – its letters are distinctive, and are all previously unknown. I have carefully engraved [this text] after the section on the brushstrokes of the ancient Seal Script, as the writing of this [Mongolian script] is close to calligraphy.



Transcription

The 427 surnames in the 1340 and 1699 editions of the Phags-pa version of the Hundred Surnames are transcribed in the table below, together with their ancient and modern pronunciations, and their reading as given in the Phags-pa Rhyming Dictionary Menggu Ziyun 蒙古字韻. In almost all cases the Baijiaxing spellings are identical to the Menggu Ziyun spellings.

The order of the surnames given in each edition of Shilin Guangji vary somewhat (see Table 1 for details), and for convenience the surnames are listed in the order that they are given in the traditional Chinese text.


Table 3 : Tabulation of the Hundred Surnames
Number
 
Surname
 
Modern
Pinyin
Ancient
Reading
1330-1333
edition
1340
edition
1418
edition
1699
edition
Menggu
Ziyun
Notes
 
1zhàoȡǐɛucewcewcewcewcew 
2qiándzǐɛndzendzendzendzentsenThe spelling dzen does not occur in Menggu Ziyun, and as the letters DZA and TSA are very similar, dzen is probably a corruption for tsen
3sūnsuənsunsunsunsunsun 
4lǐəlilililili 
5zhōutɕǐəujiwjiwjiwjiwjiw 
6ŋuuuuuu 
7zhèngȡǐɛŋcingcingcingcingcing 
8wángjǐwaŋ'wang'wang'wang**ang'wang 
9féngbǐuŋheeungheeungheeungheeungfungheeung is a corruption for fung
10chénȡǐěncincincinjincin 
11chǔȶ'ǐocheeucheeucheeucheeucheeu 
12wèijǐwɐi'ue'ue'ue'ue'ue 
13jiǎngtsǐaŋdzyangdzyangdzyangdzyangdzyang 
14shěnɕǐěm*im*im*imshimshim 
15hánɣɑnxanxanxanxanxan 
16yángjǐaŋyangyangyangyangyang 
17zhūtɕǐujeeujeeujeeujeeujeeu 
18qíndzǐěntsintsintsintsintsin 
19yóujǐəungiwngiwngiwngiwngiw 
20xǐoheeuheeuheeuheeuheeu 
21ɣɑxoxoxoxoxo 
22lǐoleeuleeuleeuleeuleeu 
23shīɕǐeshishishishishi 
24zhāngȶǐaŋjangjangjangjangjang 
25kǒngk'uŋkhungkhungkhungkhungkhung 
26cáodzɑutsawtsawtsawtsawtsaw 
27yánŋǐɐmngemngemngemngemngem 
28huáɣwaxwaxwaxwahwaxwa / hwaxwa is the correct Phags-pa spelling for 華 (huá), whereas hwa is the Phags-pa spelling for 華 (huā)
29jīnkǐěmgimgimgimgimgim 
30wèiŋǐwəi'ue'ue'ue'ue'ue 
31táodɑutawtawtawtawtaw 
32jiāngkǐaŋgyanggyanggyanggyanggyang 
33ts'iektshitshitshitshitshi 
34xièzǐaz*zezej.hiw j.hiw an accidental reduplication of No.35
35zōutʃǐəuj.hewj.hewj.hewj.hiwj.hiw 
36jǐuyeeuyeeuyeeuyeeuyeeu 
37bǎipɐkbaybaybaybaybay 
38shuǐɕwishueshueshuebingshuebing is a reading for 氷 (bīng) in mistake for 水 (shuǐ)
39dòudeut.hiwt.hiw*.hiwt.hiwt.hiw 
40zhāngtɕǐaŋjangjangjangjangjang 
41yúnjǐuəe'win'win'win'win'win 
42susususususu 
43pānp'uɑnphonphonphonphonphon 
44kɑtgogogogogo 
45ɣieiheeiheeiheeihyiheei 
46fànbǐwɐmfamfamfamfamfam 
47péngbɐŋp.hingp.hingp.hingp.hingp.hing 
48lánglɑŋlanglanglanglanglang 
49lulululululu 
50wéijǐwəi'ue'ue'uecue'ue 
51chāngtɕ'ǐaŋchangchangchangchangchang 
52mamamamama  
53miáomǐɛumewmewmewmewmew 
54fèngbǐuŋfungfungfungfungfung 
55huāxwahwahwahwahwahwa 
56fāngpǐwaŋfangfangfangfangfang 
57jǐuyeeuyeeuyeeuyeeuyeeu 
58rénɽǐěmzhimzhimzhimzhimzhim 
59yuánjǐwɐn'ween'ween'ween'ween'ween 
60liǔlǐəuliwliwliw**wliw 
61fēngp'ǐuŋfungfungfungfungfung 
62bàobaubawbawbawpawpaw 
63shǐʃǐəsh.hish.hish.hish.hish.hi 
64tángdɑŋtangtangtangtangtang 
65fèip'ǐwəifififififi 
66liánlǐɛmlemlemlemlemlem 
67岑(芩)cén (qín)dʒǐěm (gǐěm)c.himc.himc.himkimc.him (岑)
kim (芩)
kim is the reading for 芩 (qín) in mistake for 岑 (cén)
68xuēsǐɛtseeseeseeseesee 
69léiluɒilueluelueluelue 
70ɣɑxoxoxoxoxo 
71ŋieiyiyiyiyiyi 
72tāngt'ɑŋthangthangthangthangthang 
73téngdəŋt.hingt.hingt.hing*.hingt.hing 
74yīnǐən-in-in-in-in-in 
75luólololololo 
76pǐětbibibibibi 
77hǎoxɑkhawhawhawhawhaw 
78u-u-u-u-u-u 
79ānɑn-an-an-an-an-an 
80chángʑǐaŋshangshangshangfushangfu is an accidental reduplication of No.84 which is immediately to its left
81yuè or lèŋɔk or lɑkyawyawyawyawyaw 
82jǐuyeeuyeeuyeeu'eeu  
83shíʑǐəshishishishishi 
84pǐufufufufufu 
85bǐepuepuepuepuepue 
86biànbǐɛnbenbenben*enpen 
87dzieitsitsitsits*tsi 
88kāngk'ɑŋkhangkhangkhangkhangkhang 
89ŋuuuuuu 
90jǐoyeeuyeeuyeeu*eeuyeeu 
91yuánŋǐwɐn'ween'ween'ween'ween'ween 
92pukbububupubu 
93kugugugugugu 
94mèngmɐŋmungmungmung*ungmung 
95píngbǐɐŋpingpingpingcingping 
96huángɣuɑŋxongxongxongxongxong 
97xuɑ   xwoxwoNos.97-112 are missing in the 1330-1333/1340/1418 editions
98mǐuk   w*uwu 
99xiāosieu   s*wseew 
100yǐnjǐuěn   yeeunyeeun 
101yáojǐɛu   yeewyew 
102shàoʑǐɛu   shewshew 
103zhàndɐm   camcam 
104wānguɑŋ   -wang-wang 
105gi   keeikeei 
106máomɑu   mawmaw 
107jǐu   'eeu'eeu 
108diek   titi 
109miei   mimi 
110bèipɑi   'winbay'win would be expected to correspond to modern Chinese yun, and must be a mistake
111míngmǐɐŋ   mingming 
112zāngtsɑŋ   dzangdzang 
113kieigeeigeeigeeigeeigeeiNos.113-136 are between No.96 and 97 in all editions
114bǐukfufufufowfu / fow 
115成(戍)chéngʑǐɛŋshingshingshing*ingshing 
116dàitɒidaydaydayd*iday 
117tándɑmtamtamtamtamtam 
118宋(朱)sòngsuoŋsungsungsungsungsung 
119máomau*awmawmaw*awmaw 
120pángbɔŋpangpangpangpangpang 
121xióngjǐuŋheeungheeungheeung*eeunghyung 
122kǐəgigigi*igi 
123shūɕǐosheeusheeusheeu*eeusheeu 
124k'ǐwətkheeukheeukheeu*eeukheeu 
125xiàngɣɔŋheengheengheenghyanghyang 
126zhùtɕǐukjeeujeeujeeujeeujeeu 
127董(重)dǒngtuŋdungdungdungdungdung 
128liánglǐaŋleengleenglyanglyanglyang 
129dutututututu 
130ruǎnŋǐwɐn'ween'ween'ween'ween'ween The modern reading of ruǎn is anomalous
131lánlɑmlamlamlamgyamlamgyam is a reading for 監 (jiàn) in mistake for 藍 (lán)
132mǐnmǐěnminminminminmin 
133zǐɛkzizizizizi 
134kwigeeuegeeuegeeuegyuegeeue 
135mamamamama  
136qiánggǐaŋkeengkeengkeengk*ngkyang 
137jiǎkageegeegeegyagya 
138lulululululu 
139lóuləul.hiwl.hiwl.hiwleeul.hiw 
140wēiŋǐwe'ue'ue'ue'ue'ue 
141jiāngkɔŋgeenggeenggeenggyanggyang 
142tóngdoŋtungtungtungtungtung 
143yánŋanyanyanyanyanyan 
144guōkuɑkgwawgwawgwawgwawgwaw 
145méimuɒimuemuemuemuemue 
146shèngʑǐɛŋshingshingshingsh*ngshing 
147línlǐěmlimlimlimlimlim 
148刁(刀)diāotieuheewheewheewdeewdeewheew is a corruption for deew
149zhōngtɕǐwoŋjungjungjungjungjung 
150zǐozeeuzeeuzeeuzeeuzeeu 
151丘〔邱〕qiūk'ǐəukhiwkhiwkhiwkhiwkhiw 
152luòlɑklawlawlawlawlaw 
153gāokɑugawgawgawgawgaw 
154xiàɣahyahyahyahyahya 
155càits'ɑitshaytshaytshaychatshay 
156tiándient*ntentententen 
157fánbǐwɐnfanfanfanfanfan 
158ɣuxuxuxuxuxu 
159línglǐəŋlinglinglinglingling 
160huòxuɑkfawfawfawhwawhwawfaw is a corruption for hwaw
161ŋǐu'eeu'eeu'eeu'eeu'eeu 
162wànmǐwɐnwanwanwanwanwan 
163zhītɕǐejijijijiji 
164gogogogogo 
165zǎntsɒmdzamdzamgamdzamdzam 
166guǎnkuɑngongongongongon 
167lǐolululululu 
168mɑkmawmawmawmawmaw 
169jīngkieŋgeeinggeeinggeeingg***geeing 
170fángbǐwaŋfangfangfangfangfang 
171qiúgǐəukiwkiwkiwkiwkiw 
172miàomiəuwuwuwumuwwu / miw 
173gānkɑngangangangangan 
174xièɣaihyayhyayhyayhyayhyay 
175yīngǐəŋ-ing-ing-ing-eng-ing 
176zōngtsuoŋdzungdzungdzungdzungdzung 
177dīngtieŋdingdingdingdingding 
178xuānsǐwɛnsweensweensweensweensween 
179bēnpuənbuebuebuebunbue / bun 
180dèngdəŋ*.hingt.hingt.hingcingt.hing 
181ǐuk-eeu-eeu-eeu*eeu-eeu 
182shànʑǐɛnshenshenshensheenshen 
183杭(秔)hángɣɑŋxangxangxangxangxang 
184hóngɣuŋxungxungxungxungxung 
185bāopaubawbawpawbawbaw 
186zhūtɕǐojeeujeeujeeujeeujeeu 
187zuǒtsɑdzodzogo*odzo 
188shíʑǐɛkshishishishishi 
189cuīts'uɒitshuetshuetshuetshuetshue 
190kǐětgeeigeeigeeigeeigeei 
191niǔnǐəunyiwnyiwnyiwnyiwnyiw 
192gōngkǐwoŋgeeunggeeunggeeunggeeunggeeung 
193chéngȡǐɛŋcingcingcingcungcing 
194ɣieiheeiheeiheeiheeiheei 
195xíngɣieŋhyinghyinghyinghyinghying 
196huáɣwætxwaxwaxwaxwaxwa 
197péibuɒipuepuepuepuepue 
198lǐukleeuleeuleeuleeuleeu 
199róngɣǐwɐŋ'eeung'eeung'eeung'eeung'eeung 
200wēng-ung-ung-ung-ung-ung 
201xúnsǐuěnseeunseeunseeunseeunseeun 
202yángjǐaŋyangyangyangyangyang 
203ǐo-u-u-u-eeu-u / -eeu 
204huìɣiweihyuehyuehyuehyuehyue 
205zhēntɕǐěnjinjinjinjinjin 
206k'ǐukkheeukheeukheeukheeukheeu 
207jiākagyagyagyagyagya 
208fēngpǐwoŋfungfungfungfungfung 
209ruìɽǐwɛizhuezhuezhuezhuezhue 
210羿ŋieiyiyiyiyiyi 
211chǔȡǐoceeuceeuceeuceeuceeu 
212jìnkǐəngingingingingin 
213kǐəpgigigigigi 
214bǐngpǐɐŋbingbingpingcingbing 
215mǐemuemuemuemuemue 
216sōngzǐwoŋzeeungzeeungzeeungseeungzeeung 
217jǐngtsǐɛŋdzingdzingdzingdzungdzing 
218duànduɑntontontontonton 
219pǐəufuwfuwfuwhee*wfuw 
220mǐuwuwuwuwuwu 
221u-u-u-u-u-u 
222jiāotsǐɛudzeewdzeewdzeewdz*wdzeew 
223pababababa  
224gōngkǐuŋgeeunggeeunggeeunggeeunggeeung 
225mǐukwuwuwuwuwu 
226wěi or kuíŋuɒi'ue'ue'ue'ue'ue 
227shānʃænshanshanshanshanshan 
228kukguguguyeeugu / yeeu 
229chētɕ'ǐacheecheecheecheechee 
230hóuɣəuxiwxiwxiwxiwxiw 
231bǐukfufufupifupi is probably a reading for 苾 (bì) in mistake for 宓 (fú)
232péngbuŋpungpungpungpungpung 
233quándzǐwɛntsweentsweentsweentsweentsween 
234ȶ'ichichichikeei  
235bānpanbanban*anbanban 
236yǎngŋǐaŋngeengngeengngeengngeengngyang 
237qiūts'ǐəutshiwtshiwtshiwtshiwtshiw 
238zhòngȡǐuŋceeungceeungceeung*eeungceeung 
239iyiyiyiyiyi 
240gōngkǐuŋgeeunggeeunggeeunggeeunggeeung 
241寗〔寧〕nìngnieŋningningningningning 
242qiúgǐəukiwkiwkiwkiwkiw 
243luánluɑnlonlonlonlonlon 
244bàobɑungawngawngawpupaw / pungaw is a corruption for paw
245gānkɑmgamgamgamgamgam 
246zhēntɕǐěmjimjimjimjimjim針 (zhēn) is a mistake for 鈄 (dǒu) in the original text
247lǐɛililililili 
248róngɽǐuŋzheeungzheeungzheeungzh***zheeung 
249tsudzudzudzudzudzu 
250mǐuwuwuwuwuwu 
251bǐufufufuheeufuheeu is a corruption for fu
252liúlǐəuliwliwliwliwliw 
253jǐngkǐɐŋgingginggingdzingging 
254zhāntɕǐɛmj*mj*mj*mjemjem 
255shùɕǐwoksheeusheeusheeususheeu 
256lónglǐwoŋleeungleeungleeungleeungleeung 
257jǐɛpyeyeye**ng  
258xìngɣæŋhyinghyinghyingheeinghying 
259sǐəs.his.his.his.his.hi 
260sháoʑǐɛushewshewshewshewshew 
261gàokɑugawgawgawgawgaw 
262lieililililili 
263kieigeeigeeigeeigeeigeei 
264bɑkpawpawpawpawpaw 
265印(卬)yìnǐěnyinyinyin**nyin 
266宿sǐukseeuseeuseeuseeuseeu 
267báibɐkpaypaypaypaypay 
268huáiɣwɐixwayxwayxwayxwayxway 
269bupupupupupu 
270táit'ɒithaythaythayshewthay 
271cóngdzǐwoŋtseeungtseeungtseeungtseeungtseeung 
272èŋɑkngawngawngawngawngaw 
273suǒsɑksawsawsawshaysaw / shay 
274xiánɣɐmhyamhyamhyamhyamhyam 
275籍(藉)dzǐɛktsetsetseheeitsi 
276làilɑilaylaylaylaylay 
277zhuōȶɔkjwawjwawjwawjwawjwaw 
278lìnlǐěnlinlinlinlinlin 
279dutututututu 
280méngmuŋmungmungmungmungmung 
281chíȡǐecicicicici 
282qiáogǐɛukewkewkewkeewkew 
283yīnǐěm-im-im-im-im-im 
284欎〔鬱〕ǐwət-eeu-eeu-eeu-eeu-eeu 
285sǐoseeuseeuseeuseeuseeu 
286néngnəŋn.hingn.hingn.hingn*ingn.hing 
287cāngts'ɑŋtshangtshangtshangtshangtshang 
288shuāngʃɔŋshwangshwangshwangshwangshwang 
289wénmǐuənwunwunwunwunwun 
290shēnʃǐensh.hinsh.hinsh.hinsh.hinsh.hin 
291dǎngtɑŋdangdangdang*angdang 
292zhái or díȡɐktaytaytaytititay (modern zhái) and ti (modern dí) are alternate readings for 翟 as a surname
293tándɒmtamtamtamkhamtam 
294gòngkuŋgunggunggunggunggung 
295láolɑulawlawlawlawlaw 
296pángbɔŋpangpangpangpangpang 
297kǐəgigigigigi 
298shēnɕǐěnshinshinshinshunshin 
299bǐufufufufufu 
300tudududududu 
301rǎnɽǐɛmzhemzhemzhemzhamzhem 
302zǎitsɒadzaydzaydzayj.hidzayj.hi is a probably reading for 滓 (zǐ) in mistake for 宰 (zǎi)
303lǐelilililili 
304yōngǐwoŋ-eeung-eeung-eeung-eeung-eeung 
305郤(卻)quèk'ǐakkhikhikhikhikhi 
306璩(壉)gǐokeeukeeukeeukewkeeu 
307sāngsɑŋsangsangsangsangsang 
308guìkiweigeeuegeeuegeeuegeeuegeeue 
309pukbububububu 
310niúŋǐəungiwngiwngiwngiwngiw 
311shòuʑǐəushiwshiwshiwshiwshiw 
312tōngt'uŋthungthungthungthungthung 
313biānpianbeenbeenbeenbeenbeen 
314ɣuxuxuxuxuxu 
315yānienyeenyeenyeenyweenyeen 
316kigigigigigi 
317jiákɐpgyagyagyageegya 
318p'uphuphuphuphuphu 
319shàngʑǐaŋshangshangshangshangshang 
320nóngnuoŋnungnungnungnungnung 
321wēnuən-un-un-un-un-unNos.321-328 located between No.336 and No.337 in the 1330-1333/1340/1418 editions
322biébǐɛt or pǐɛtbeebeebeebeebee 
323zhuāngtʃiaŋj.hangj.hangj.hangj.hangj.hang 
324yànanyanyanyanyanyan 
325cháidʒaicaycaycaycaycay 
326gǐukeeukeeukeeugeeukeeu 
327yánjǐɛmyemyemyemyemyem 
328chōngtɕ'ǐuŋchungchungchung*ungchung 
329mumumumumumu 
330liánlǐɛnlenlenlenlenlen 
331ɽǐozheeuzheeuzheeuzheeuzheeu 
332zǐəpzizizizizi 
333宦(䆠)huànɣwanxwanxwanxwanxwanxwan 
334àiŋɑingayngayngayngingay 
335ŋǐo'eeu'eeu'eeu'eeu'eeu 
336róngjǐwoŋyeeungyeeungyeeungyeeungyeeung 
337xiàngxǐaŋhyanghyanghyanghyanghyang 
338kugugugugugu 
339jǐɛkyiyiyiyiyi 
340shènʑǐěnshinshinshintseeungshin 
341kuɑgwogwogwogwogwo 
342liàolǐəulewlewlewlewlew 
343gēngkɐŋgeeinggeeinggeeinggeeinggeeing庚 (gēng) is a mistake for 庾 (yǔ) in the original text
344zhōngtɕǐuŋjungjungjungjungjung 
345gikikikikiki 
346kǐogeeugeeugeeugeeugeeu 
347héngɣɐŋheeingheeingheeingheeunghying 
348bupupupupupu 
349tudududududu 
350gěngkæŋgeeinggeeinggeeinggeeinggeeing 
351滿mǎnmuɑnmonmonmonmonmon 
352hóngɣuəŋxungxungxungxungxung 
353kuāngk'ǐwaŋkhwangkhwangkhwangkhwangkhwang 
354guókuəkgueguegueguegue 
355wénmǐuənwunwunwunwunwun 
356kòuk'əukh.hiwkh.hiwkh.hiwkh.hiwkh.hiw 
357guǎngkuɑŋgwanggwanggwanggwanggwang 
358祿luklululululu 
359quēk'ǐwɐtkhwekhwekhwekheengkhwe 
360dōngtuŋdungdungdungdungdung 
361ōuəu-.hiw-.hiw-.hiw-.hiw-.hiw 
362shūʑǐusheeusheeusheeusheeusheeu 
363uok-u-u-u-u-u 
364lililililili 
365wèiǐwəi-eeu-eeu-eeu-ue-ue / -eeu-eeu (modern yù) is an alternate but incorrect reading for 蔚 (wèi) in this context
366yuèjǐwɐt  nwee'wee'weeMissing in the 1340 edition
367kuígwikuekuekuekuekue 
368lónglǐuŋleeungleeungleeung*ungleeung 
369shīʃish.hish.hish.hish.hish.hi 
370gǒngkǐwoŋgeeunggeeunggeeunggeeunggeeung 
371k'ukhukhukhukhukhu庫 (kù) is a mistake for 厙 (shè) in the original text
372niènǐɛpneeneeneeneenee 
373晁(逯)cháoȡǐɛungewngewng*wciwceewngew is a corruption for ceew
374gōukeug.hiwg.hiwg.hiwg.hiwg.hiw 
375áoŋɑungawngawngawngawngaw 
376róngjǐuŋyeeungyeeungyeeungyee*ngyeeung 
377lěnglɐŋlinglinglingl.hingling / l.hingl.hing is the correct reading for 冷 (lěng )
378tsǐedz.hidz.hidz.hidz.hidz.hi 
379xīnsǐěnsinsinsinsinsin 
380kànk'ɑmkhamkhamkhamkhamkham 
381nonononono 
382jiǎnkængeengeengeengyangyan 
383ráoɽǐɛuzhewzhewzhewyewzhew 
384kōngk'uŋkhungkhungkhungkhungkhung 
385zēngtsəŋts.hingts.hingts.hingts.hingts.hing 
386母(毋)mǔ [wú]məu [mǐu]muwmuwmuwwumuw (母)
wu (毋)
母 (mǔ) is a mistake for 毋 (wú) in the original text
387shāʃashashashasha  
388乜(七)nièmǐamememiye ye is probably a reading for the ideograph 也 (yě) in mistake for 乜 (niè)
389yǎngjǐaŋyangyangyangyangyang 
390kǐukgeeugeeugeeugeeugeeu 
391sǐuseeuseeuseeuseeuseeu 
392fēngp'ǐuŋfungfungfungfungfung 
393cháodʒaucawcawngawcawcaw 
394guānkwangwangwangwangwangwan 
395kuǎik'wɐikhwaykhwaykhwaykhwaykhway 
396xiàngsǐaŋseengseengseengsyangsyang 
397zhātʃacazacaca za is a corruption for ca
398hòuɣəuxiwxiwxiwxiwxiw 
399jīngkǐɐŋginggingginggingging 
400hóngɣuŋxungxungxungxungxung 
401yóujǐəuyiwyiwyiwyiwyiw 
402zhúȶǐukjeeujeeujeeujeeujeeu 
403quángǐwɛnkweenkweenkweenkweenkween 
404lǐwoklulu*ululeeu 
405kɑpgogogoheeugo 
406ǐɛkyiyiyiyiyi 
407huánɣuɑnxonxonxonxonxon 
408gōngkuŋgunggunggunggunggung 
 mǐwət   *uwuThis surname is not found in the traditional text
 chíȡi   ciciThis surname is not found in the traditional text
409万俟mòqímək gǐəimu kimu kimu kiwan ngh*wan c.hiwan (modern wàn) is the normal but incorrect reading for 万 (mò) in this context
410司馬sīmǎsǐə mas.hi mas.hi mas.hi mas.hi mas.hi   
411上官shàngguānʑǐaŋ kuɑnshang gonshang gonshang gonshang gonshang gon 
412歐陽ōuyángəu jǐaŋ-.hiw yang-.hiw yang-.hiw yang-.hiw yang-.hiw yang 
413夏侯xiàhóuɣa ɣəuhya xiwhya xiwhya xiwhya xiwhya xiw 
414諸葛zhūgétɕǐo kɑtjeeu gojeeu gojeeu gojeeu gojeeu go 
415聞人wénrénmǐuən ɽǐěnwun zhinwun zhinwun zhinwun zhimwun zhin 
416東方dōngfāngtuŋ pǐwaŋdung fangdung fangdung heeng dung fang 
417赫連hèlián       
418皇甫huángfǔɣuɑŋ pǐuxong fuxong fuxong h*uxong buxong fu 
419蔚遲〔尉遲〕yùchíǐwət ȡi-eeu ci-eeu ci-eeu ci-ue ci-eeu ci-ue (modern wèi) is an alternate but incorrect reading for 尉 (yù) in this context
420公羊gōngyáng       
421澹台tántái       
422公冶gōngyě       
423宗政zōngzhèng       
424濮陽púyáng       
425淳于chúnyúʑǐuěn jǐusheeun 'eeusheeun 'eeusheeun 'eeu sheeun 
426單于chányú       
427太叔tàishū       
428申屠shēntúɕǐěn dushin tushin tushin tushun tushin tu 
429公孫gōngsūnkuŋ suəngung sungung sungung sungung sungung sun 
430仲孫zhòngsūn       
431軒轅xuānyuán       
432令狐línghúlieŋ ɣuling xuling xuling xu*ung xuling xu 
433鍾離zhōnglítɕǐwoŋ lǐejung lijung lijung *i jung li 
434宇文yǔwénjǐu mǐuən'eeu wun'eeu wun'eeu wun'eeu wun'eeu wun 
435長孫zhǎngsūnȶǐaŋ suənjang sunjang sun*ang sun jang sun 
436慕容mùróngmu jǐwoŋmu yeeungmu yeeungmu yeeungmu yeeungmu yeeung 
437鮮于xiānyúsǐɛn jǐuseen 'eeuseen 'eeuseen 'eeu seen   
438閭丘lǘqiūlǐo k'ǐəuleeu khiwleeu khiwleeu khiw leeu khiw 
439司徒sītú       
440司空sīkōng       
441亓官qíguān       
442司寇sīkòu       
443仉督zhǎngdū       
444子車zǐjū       
445顓孫zhuānsūn       
446端木duānmù       
447巫馬wūmǎ       
448公西gōngxī       
449漆雕qīdiāo       
450樂正yuèzhèng       
451壤駟rǎngsì       
452公良gōngliáng       
453拓拔tuòbá       
454夾谷jiāgǔ       
455宰父zǎifǔ       
456谷梁gǔliáng       
457jìn       
458chǔ       
459yán       
460       
461       
462yān       
463       
464qīn       
465段干duàngān       
466百里bǎilǐ       
467東郭dōngguō       
468南門nánmén       
469呼延hūyán       
470guīkǐwəi   guegueListed as "勿商歸遲" after No.408
471hǎi       
472羊舌yángshé       
473微生wēishēng       
474yuè       
475shuāi       
476gōu       
477kàng       
478kuàng       
479hòu       
480yǒu       
481qín       
482梁丘liángqiū       
483左丘zuǒqiū       
484東門dōngmén       
485西門xīmén       
486shāngɕǐɑng   shangshangListed as "勿商歸遲" after No.408
487móu       
488shé       
489nài       
490       
491shǎng       
492南宮nángōng       
493       
494       
495qiáo       
496       
497nián       
498ài       
499yáng       
500tóng       
501第五dìwǔ       
502yán       
503       

Notes

  1. Where the Chinese ideograph for a surname given in the 1699 edition differs from the ideograph given in the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions, the ideograph given in the 1699 edition is given in parentheses after the correct ideograph in the first column. Where the 1330-1333, 1340 and 1418 editions give an incorrect or non-standard form of the ideograph used for a surname, the correct form of the ideograph is given in brackets.
  2. The Phags-pa spellings of the surnames have been transcribed as accurately as possible, and no attempt has been made to correct mistakes and/or graphic corruptions. In particular there are many surnames in which the Phags-pa vowel EE is written for the graphically similar Phags-pa semivowel Y or vice versa, but in all cases what is actually written is preferred over what can be assumed to have been the original spelling. There are also several cases in the 1699 edition where the vowel I has clearly been corrupted to the similar vowel U, but again the transcription reflects the actual spelling rather than the presumed spelling. Some obvious corruptions have been noted in the Notes column, but not all. Where a Phags-pa letter is illegible or corrupted to a point where its true value cannot be recognised, the missing letter is replaced by an asterisk (*) in the transcription.
  3. Ancient Chinese readings are the phonetic reconstructions of the fǎnqiè 反切 pronunciations given in the Song dynasty Guǎng Yùn 廣韻 rhyming dictionary (completed in 1008, but based in part on the earlier Tangyun 唐韻, compiled by Sun Mian 孫愐 in 751, which itself was based on a Sui dynasty dictionary of pronunciation, Qieyun 切韻, compiled by Lu Fayan 陸法言 et al. in 601). The reconstructions are according to Hanzi Guyin Shouce 漢字古音手册, which is based upon the work Wang Li 王力. The tones have been omitted from the reconstructions given here, as tonal differences are not reflected in the Phags-pa spellings.
  4. The pinyin readings are the modern pronunciation of the characters when used as a family name. These pronunciations may in some cases differ from the expected pronunciations based on Ancient Chinese or Phags-pa readings.
  5. The Menggu Ziyun 蒙古字韻 readings are the Phags-pa spellings given in the Yuan dynasty rhyming dictionary of this name (see my Menggu Ziyun page for further details). Note that the only extant copy of Menggu Ziyun lacks one or more folios covering syllables ending in -a and -e.


Original Text

The following is the original Chinese text of the "Hundred Surnames", written out in rhyming couplets. Double-character names are indicated by underlining. Note that the last four characters 百家姓終 "The hundred surnames finished" are not part of the list of surnames.


趙錢孫李,周吳鄭王。zhào qián sūn lǐ, zhōu wú zhèng wáng
馮陳褚衛,蔣沈韓楊。féng chén chǔ wèi, jiǎng shěn hán yáng
朱秦尤許,何呂施張。zhū qín yóu xǔ, hé lǚ shī zhāng
孔曹嚴華,金魏陶姜。kǒng cáo yán huá, jīn wèi táo jiāng
戚謝鄒喻,柏水竇章。qī xiè zōu yù, bǎi shuǐ dòu zhāng
雲蘇潘葛,奚范彭郎。yún sū pān gě, xī fàn péng láng
魯韋昌馬,苗鳳花方。lǔ wéi chāng mǎ, miáo fèng huā fāng
俞任袁柳,酆鮑史唐。yú rén yuán liǔ, fēng bào shǐ táng
費廉岑薛,雷賀倪湯。fèi lián cén xuē, léi hè ní tāng
滕殷羅畢,郝鄔安常。téng yīn luó bì, hǎo wū ān cháng
樂于時傅,皮卞齊康。yuè/è yú shí fù, pí biàn qí kāng
伍余元卜,顧孟平黃。wǔ yú yuán bǔ, gù mèng píng huáng
和穆蕭尹,姚邵湛汪。hé mù xiāo yǐn, yáo shào zhàn wāng
祁毛禹狄,米貝明臧。qí máo yǔ dí, mǐ bèi míng zāng
計伏成戴,談宋茅龐。jì fú chéng dài, tán sòng máo páng
熊紀舒屈,項祝董梁。xióng jì shū qū, xiàng zhù dǒng liáng
杜阮藍閔,席季麻強。dù ruǎn lán mǐn, xí jì má qiáng
賈路婁危,江童顏郭。jiǎ lù lóu wēi, jiāng tóng yán guō
梅盛林刁,鍾徐邱駱。méi shèng lín diāo, zhōng xú qiū luò
高夏蔡田,樊胡凌霍。gāo xià cài tián, fán hú líng huò
虞萬支柯,昝管盧莫。yú wàn zhī kē, zǎn guǎn lú mò
經房裘繆,干解應宗。jīng fáng qiú miào, gān xiè yīng zōng
丁宣賁鄧,郁單杭洪。dīng xuān bēn dèng, yù shàn háng hóng
包諸左石,崔吉鈕龔。bāo zhū zuǒ shí, cuī jí niǔ gōng
程嵇邢滑,裴陸榮翁。chéng jī xíng huá, péi lù róng wēng
荀羊於惠,甄麴家封。xún yáng yú huì, zhēn qū jiā fēng
芮羿儲靳,汲邴糜松。ruì yì chǔ jìn, jí bǐng mí sōng
井段富巫,烏焦巴弓。jǐng duàn fù wū, wū jiāo bā gōng
牧隗山谷,車侯宓蓬。mù wěi/kuí shān gǔ, chē hóu fú péng
全郗班仰,秋仲伊宮。quán xī bān yǎng, qiū zhòng yī gōng
寧仇欒暴,甘鈄厲戎。nìng qiú luán bào, gān zhēn lì róng
祖武符劉,景詹束龍。zǔ wǔ fú liú, jǐng zhān shù lóng
葉幸司韶,郜黎薊薄。yè xìng sī sháo, gào lí jì bó
印宿白懷,蒲邰從鄂。yìn sù bái huái, pú tái cóng è
索咸籍賴,卓藺屠蒙。suǒ xián jí lài, zhuō lìn tú méng
池喬陰鬱,胥能蒼雙。chí qiáo yīn yù, xū néng cāng shuāng
聞莘党翟,譚貢勞逄。wén shēn dǎng zhái/dí, tán gòng láo páng
姬申扶堵,冉宰酈雍。jī shēn fú dǔ, rǎn zǎi lì yōng
郤璩桑桂,濮牛壽通。què qú sāng guì, pú niú shòu tōng
邊扈燕冀,郟浦尚農。biān hù yān jì, jiá pǔ shàng nóng
溫別莊晏,柴瞿閻充。wēn bié zhuāng yàn, chái qú yán chōng
慕連茹習,宦艾魚容。mù lián rú xí, huàn ài yú róng
向古易慎,戈廖庾終。xiàng gǔ yì shèn, gē liào gēng zhōng
暨居衡步,都耿滿弘。jì jū héng bù, dū gěng mǎn hóng
匡國文寇,廣祿闕東。kuāng guó wén kòu, guǎng lù quē dōng
歐殳沃利,蔚越夔隆。ōu shū wò lì, wèi yuè kuí lóng
師鞏厙聶,晁勾敖融。shī gǒng kù niè, cháo gōu áo róng
冷訾辛闞,那簡饒空。lěng zī xīn kàn, nā jiǎn ráo kōng
曾毋沙乜,養鞠須豐。zēng wú shā niè, yǎng jū xū fēng
巢關蒯相,查後荊紅。cháo guān kuǎi xiàng, zhā hòu jīng hóng
游竺權逯,蓋益桓公。yóu zhú quán lù, gě yì huán gōng
万俟司馬上官歐陽mòqí sīmǎ, shàngguān ōuyáng
夏侯諸葛聞人東方xiàhóu zhūgé, wénrén dōngfāng
赫連皇甫尉遲公羊hèlián huángfǔ, yùchí gōngyáng
澹台公冶宗政濮陽tántái gōngyě, zōngzhèng púyáng
淳于單于太叔申屠chúnyú chányú, tàishū shēntú
公孫仲孫軒轅令狐gōngsūn zhòngsūn, xuānyuán línghú
鍾離宇文長孫慕容zhōnglí yǔwén, zhǎngsūn mùróng
鮮于閭丘司徒司空xiānyú lǘqiū, sītú sīkōng
亓官司寇仉督子車qíguān sīkòu, zhǎngdū zǐjū
顓孫端木巫馬公西zhuānsūn duānmù, wūmǎ gōngxī
漆雕樂正壤駟公良qīdiāo yuèzhèng, rǎngsì gōngliáng
拓拔夾谷宰父谷梁tuòbá jiāgǔ, zǎifǔ gǔliáng
晉楚閆法,汝鄢涂欽。jìn chǔ yán fǎ, rǔ yān tú qīn
段干百里東郭南門duàngān bǎilǐ, dōngguō nánmén
呼延歸海,羊舌微生hūyán guī hǎi, yángshé wēishēng
岳帥緱亢,況后有琴。yuè shuāi gōu kàng, kuàng hòu yǒu qín
梁丘左丘東門西門liángqiū zuǒqiū, dōngmén xīmén
商牟佘佴,伯賞南宮shāng móu shé nài, bó shǎng nángōng
墨哈譙笪,年愛陽佟。mò hǎ qiáo dá, nián ài yáng tóng
第五言福,百家姓終。dìwǔ yán fú, bǎi jiā xìng zhōng


Date: 2006-12-21

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